Couples who intentionally pause to appreciate the enjoyable experiences they share tend to be more satisfied in their relationships, argue less, and feel more confident that their partnership will endure, according to researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign. "Savoring involves slowing down to become aware of and focus on positive experiences," said first author Noah Larsen, a graduate student at Illinois. "Savoring can occur when we reminisce on a past experience, focus on the present moment or look ahead to a future experience." The participants were drawn from a larger project examining resilience in romantic relationships. Researchers used a scale called Joint Savoring in Romantic Relationships, adapted from the widely used Savoring Beliefs Inventory, which assesses how individuals savor positive moments. Participants reported how frequently during the past month they felt in control of their responsibilities or, on the other hand, overwhelmed by what they had to handle. They also rated their overall quality of life, general health, and psychological distress. "We found that joint savoring has the most benefits for romantic relationships, as well as secondary benefits for individuals' health and well-being," Larsen said. The protective effect was especially noticeable among couples facing higher stress. "Being able to identify factors that provide this type of buffering effect is important for marriage and romantic relationships, as they provide tangible things that couples can do to keep their relationship strong, even in the midst of heightened levels of stress," Barton said. The researchers noted that intentionally focusing on shared positive experiences can serve as a practical strategy for maintaining or strengthening a relationship. "We all are busy and have so many things going on in our day-to-day lives," Larsen said. "Finding time -- even just once a week -- to slow down, be present with your partner and talk about positive experiences in your relationship or focus on something you both enjoy can really benefit you as a couple. Materials provided by University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, News Bureau. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. AI-Designed Obesity Drug Delivers Over 31% Weight Loss in Preclinical Tests Molecule Discovered To Fuel Skin Cancer and Outsmart the Immune System Stay informed with ScienceDaily's free email newsletter, updated daily and weekly. Or view our many newsfeeds in your RSS reader: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments.

The answer may be less than you think A large survey of U.S. singles reveals the different ways people experience passionate romantic love And 14 percent of the 10,036 respondents said they had never fallen in passionate love at all. “There's a lot more variation than we really know about,” she says. Researchers have proposed many ways to understand romantic love. One popular model is the triangular theory of love, which divides romance into three pieces: passion, intimacy and commitment. “It's that first feeling of magnetism to a partner, that feeling of obsession—just this intense longing to be together,” Gesselman says. It also typically fades over time and is often replaced by companionate love—a steadier, “warm and cozy kind of love,” she explains. If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today. Stories of passionate love are everywhere—in movies, books and the narratives we tell ourselves about what it means to live a fulfilling life. These stories often “really center the experience of passion and talk about how universal this is and how everyone feels it,” Gesselman says. Gesselman and her team analyzed data from 2022 and 2023 studies of singles in the U.S. Respondents between 18 and 99 years old were asked to report how many times during their life so far they had experienced passionate love. Single Adults,” by Amanda N. Gesselman et al., in Interpersona, Vol. More than a quarter of people aged 18 to 19 reported never having felt it, and the number decreased to 7.6 percent for those older than age 70. Heterosexual men also reported feeling passionate love more times on average than heterosexual women, but no such differences appeared between men or women who were gay, lesbian or bisexual. But a big question remains unstudied, Gesselman says: How do people's appraisals of these experiences change across the life cycles of their relationships and across their own life? People likely reevaluate their past romantic experiences as time goes on, a phenomenon that is crucial for understanding survey data like these. Partnered people are likely to have experienced passionate love at least once, so a survey that excludes them can't reveal the full picture of this phenomenon, notes Jaimie Krems, a social psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not involved with the study. Passionate love could also exist outside of romantic relationships. “I think that is part of the human repertoire, to feel passionate love” in both romantic and nonromantic relationships, she says. Allison Parshall is associate editor for mind and brain at Scientific American and she writes the weekly online Science Quizzes. As a multimedia journalist, she contributes to Scientific American's podcast Science Quickly. Parshall's work has also appeared in Quanta Magazine and Inverse. She graduated from New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute with a master's degree in science, health and environmental reporting. She has a bachelor's degree in psychology from Georgetown University. If you enjoyed this article, I'd like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in that two-century history. I hope it does that for you, too. If you subscribe to Scientific American, you help ensure that our coverage is centered on meaningful research and discovery; that we have the resources to report on the decisions that threaten labs across the U.S.; and that we support both budding and working scientists at a time when the value of science itself too often goes unrecognized. In return, you get essential news, captivating podcasts, brilliant infographics, can't-miss newsletters, must-watch videos, challenging games, and the science world's best writing and reporting. There has never been a more important time for us to stand up and show why science matters. I hope you'll support us in that mission.

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply. Mood disorders are associated with complex disruptions in brain networks, including those associated with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC). Differential functions of these regions, especially the functions of the far-caudal OFC, are incompletely understood. We trained macaques to perform an approach-avoidance task and recorded cOFC and pACC neuronal activity and autonomic/somatic responses during performance, including during electrical microstimulation (EMS) of the cOFC. The cOFC was sensitive to both positive and negative stimuli, whereas the pACC was significantly more active during aversive outcomes. cOFC EMS increased avoidance, suggesting a causal cOFC function in cost-benefit decision-making. The cOFC activity led pACC activity during the decision period, supporting cOFC network prominence. Autonomic and somatic responses were positively correlated with behavioral patterns, consistent with a coordinated body-brain involvement during emotionally significant decision-making. We suggest that dysfunction of this network could potentially contribute to the etiology of mood disorders. The Source Data underlying all main figures and Supplementary Figs. have been deposited in Figshare under the accession code doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.30652049. Sample datasets used to illustrate the analysis workflow are provided in the associated GitHub repository. Other data that cannot be formatted in Excel (including large raw continuous electrophysiological and physiological recordings and related files in specialized formats that are not practical to deposit as Excel-compatible tables) are available under restricted access and may be requested by contacting the corresponding authors at: graybiel@mit.edu and georgios.k.papageorgiou@gmail.com. All MATLAB code used for data analyses and figure generation is available at: https://github.com/geokpap/natcomm_gp. The repository includes all scripts and a README file with instructions for reproducing the workflow using the accompanying sample datasets. Mayberg, H. S. Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression. Drevets, W. C., Price, J. L. & Furey, M. L. Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Price, J. L. & Drevets, W. C. Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. & Mayberg, H. S. Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic. Xu, X. et al. Intrinsic connectivity of the prefrontal cortex and striato-limbic system respectively differentiate major depressive from generalized anxiety disorder. Chrysikou, E. G., Wing, E. K. & van Dam, W. O. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Prefrontal Cortex in Depression Modulates Cortical Excitability in Emotion Regulation Regions as Measured by Concurrent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Exploratory Study. Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S. & Tomasi, D. Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Etkin, A., Egner, T. & Kalisch, R. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Drevets, W. C. et al. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. Rushworth, M. F. & Behrens, T. E. Choice, uncertainty and value in prefrontal and cingulate cortex. Rushworth, M. F., Noonan, M. P., Boorman, E. D., Walton, M. E. & Behrens, T. E. Frontal cortex and reward-guided learning and decision-making. Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E., Buckley, M. J. & Rushworth, M. F. Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M. & Cohen, J. D. The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Amemori, K., Amemori, S. & Graybiel, A. M. Motivation and affective judgments differentially recruit neurons in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. Amemori, K. & Graybiel, A. M. Localized microstimulation of primate pregenual cingulate cortex induces negative decision-making. Amemori, S., Graybiel, A. M. & Amemori, K. I. Causal Evidence for Induction of Pessimistic Decision-Making in Primates by the Network of Frontal Cortex and Striosomes. Ironside, M. et al. Approach-Avoidance Conflict in Major Depressive Disorder: Congruent Neural Findings in Humans and Nonhuman Primates. & Roberts, A. C. Prefrontal cortex and depression. Kringelbach, M. L. & Rolls, E. T. The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Schoenbaum, G., Setlow, B., Saddoris, M. P. & Gallagher, M. Encoding predicted outcome and acquired value in orbitofrontal cortex during cue sampling depends upon input from basolateral amygdala. A. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value. O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J. & Andrews, C. Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Contrasting roles for orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala in credit assignment and learning in macaques. Papageorgiou, G. K. et al. Inverted activity patterns in ventromedial prefrontal cortex during value-guided decision-making in a less-is-more task. Kahnt, T., Heinzle, J., Park, S. Q. & Haynes, J. D. The neural code of reward anticipation in human orbitofrontal cortex. Ballesta, S., Shi, W., Conen, K. E. & Padoa-Schioppa, C. Values encoded in orbitofrontal cortex are causally related to economic choices. The orbitofrontal oracle: cortical mechanisms for the prediction and evaluation of specific behavioral outcomes. Murray, E. A., Moylan, E. J., Saleem, K. S., Basile, B. M. & Turchi, J. Specialized areas for value updating and goal selection in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. Barbas, H. & Pandya, D. N. Architecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Carmichael, S. T. & Price, J. L. Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. Schmahmann, J. D. & Pandya, D. N. Fiber Pathways of the Brain. Barbas, H. & Rempel-Clower, N. Cortical structure predicts the pattern of corticocortical connections. Ghashghaei, H. T., Hilgetag, C. C. & Barbas, H. Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the anatomic dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Eblen, F. & Graybiel, A. M. Highly restricted origin of prefrontal cortical inputs to striosomes in the macaque monkey. Amemori, S. et al. Microstimulation of primate neocortex targeting striosomes induces negative decision-making. & Fellows, L. K. Prefrontal cortex interactions with the amygdala in primates. Amemori, S., Graybiel, A. M. & Amemori, K. I. Cingulate microstimulation induces negative decision-making via reduced top-down influence on primate fronto-cingulo-striatal network. Amemori, K. & Graybiel, A. M. Localized microstimulation of primate pregenual cingulate cortex induces negative decision-making. & Graybiel, A. M. Striatal Microstimulation Induces Persistent and Repetitive Negative Decision-Making Predicted by Striatal Beta-Band Oscillation. The neurobiology and control of anxious states. Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Francisco, A., Paulus, M. P. & Stein, M. B. Neural substrates of approach-avoidance conflict decision-making. Friedman, A. et al. A Corticostriatal Path Targeting Striosomes Controls Decision-Making under Conflict. Chronic Stress Alters Striosome-Circuit Dynamics, Leading to Aberrant Decision-Making. Friedman, A. et al. Striosomes Mediate Value-Based Learning Vulnerable in Age and a Huntington's Disease Model. Papageorgiou, G. K., Baudonnat, M., Cucca, F. & Walton, M. E. Mesolimbic dopamine encodes prediction errors in a state-dependent manner. McFadden, D. Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior. Zarembka, P.) 105–142 (Academic Press, New York) (1974). Levy, I., Snell, J., Nelson, A. J., Rustichini, A. & Glimcher, P. W. Neural representation of subjective value under risk and ambiguity. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior 2nd rev. Padoa-Schioppa, C. Neurobiology of economic choice: a good-based model. Mnih, V. et al. Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning. 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning. (eds Balcan, M. F. & Weinberger, K. & Ratcliff, R. Computational and process models of decision making in psychology and behavioral economics. In Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain 2nd edn. (eds Glimcher, P. W. & Fehr, E.) 35–47 (Academic Press, 2014). Wallis, J. D. Orbitofrontal cortex and its contribution to decision-making. The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex. Thayer, J. F., Ahs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., 3rd, & Wager, T. D. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Heart rate variability as an index of regulated emotional responding. Thayer, J. F. & Lane, R. D. A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Bradley, M. M., Miccoli, L., Escrig, M. A. The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Rational regulation of learning dynamics by pupil-linked arousal systems. & Nieuwenhuis, S. Pupil-linked arousal determines variability in perceptual decision making. Kalin, N. H., Shelton, S. E. & Davidson, R. J. Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys: Ontogeny and context-dependent selective expression. Kalin, N. H., Shelton, S. E. & Davidson, R. J. Individual differences in freezing and cortisol in infant and mother rhesus monkeys. The circadian rhythm of heart rate variability. Folkedal, O. et al. Food anticipatory behaviour as an indicator of stress response and recovery in Atlantic salmon post-smolt after exposure to acute temperature fluctuation. Gygax, L., Reefmann, N., Wolf, M. & Langbein, J. Prefrontal cortex activity, sympatho-vagal reaction and behaviour distinguish between situations of feed reward and frustration in dwarf goats. Feingold, J. et al. A system for recording neural activity chronically and simultaneously from multiple cortical and subcortical regions in nonhuman primates. Hwang, J., Mitz, A. R., & Murray, E. A. NIMH MonkeyLogic: Behavioral control and data acquisition in MATLAB. We thank H. F. Hall, and Y. Kubota (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) for technical support, research insight, and manuscript preparation. This research was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (P50 MH119467, to A.M.G. ), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS025529, to A.M.G. ), the Army Research Office (W911NF-16-1-0474, to A.M.G. ), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP24H02163 and JP22H04998, to K.A. ), the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP24wm0625210h and JP24gm6910012h, to K.A. ), the K. Lisa Yang Integrative Computational Neuroscience Center (to R.G.Y.) and the Mercatus Center at George Mason University (Emergent Ventures fellowship, to M.C.W. McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Georgios K. Papageorgiou, Daniel J. Gibson, Michelangelo Naim, Michelle C. Wang, Tomoko Yoshida, Jitendra Sharma, Guangyu Robert Yang & Ann M. Graybiel Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Georgios K. Papageorgiou, Daniel J. Gibson, Michelangelo Naim, Michelle C. Wang, Tomoko Yoshida, Jitendra Sharma, Guangyu Robert Yang & Ann M. Graybiel Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and HMS, Boston, MA, USA CNPRC, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar ; Experimental work, G.K.P., K.A., H.N.S., M.C.W., J.S., U.U., T.Y., and A.M.G. Correspondence to Georgios K. Papageorgiou or Ann M. Graybiel. The authors declare no competing interests. Nature Communications thanks James Howard and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available. Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. et al. Functional distinctions between orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex subregions in decision-making and autonomic regulation. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Hubble's exceptional resolution reveals fine structures that help scientists understand how this unusual object is taking shape. It is the first, youngest, and closest pre-planetary nebula ever identified. The term is a misnomer, as planetary nebulae are not related to planets.) Because it is in such an early phase, the Egg Nebula offers astronomers a valuable chance to study what happens as Sun-like stars approach the end of their lives. At this stage, the nebula shines by reflecting light from its central star. That light escapes through a polar opening, or "eye," in the surrounding dust. Two bright beams stream outward from the star, lighting up fast-moving polar lobes that punch through older, slower rings of material arranged in concentric arcs. The structure and motion of these features point to possible gravitational effects from one or more unseen companion stars, which remain concealed within the dense disk of dust. The Egg Nebula, however, has not yet reached that fully developed stage. Stars at this stage manufacture and release large amounts of dust, material that can later become part of new star systems. Our own solar system, including Earth and the other rocky planets, formed from such recycled material about 4.5 billion years ago. An early visible light image from WFPC2 (Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2) was followed in 1997 by a near infrared view from NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer), offering a closer look at the nebula's glow. The mission is a partnership between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland oversees telescope and mission operations, with additional operational support from Lockheed Martin Space in Denver. The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, manages Hubble's science operations for NASA. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Paleontologists Discover a Lost World: Ancient Cave Preserves Life From 1 Million Years Ago The Secret to Youthful Skin May Be Hidden in a Microscopic Structure We Share With Pigs This New Blood Test Can Detect Cancer Before Tumors Appear Stay informed with ScienceDaily's free email newsletter, updated daily and weekly. Or view our many newsfeeds in your RSS reader: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments.

An international group of astronomers has identified a faraway planetary system that calls into question one of the most widely accepted ideas about how planets take shape. Small, rocky planets circle close to their star, while large gas giants orbit at greater distances. Farther out, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are dominated by thick layers of gas. This arrangement is explained by a leading theory of planet formation. Young stars emit intense radiation that can strip away gases from nearby developing planets, leaving behind solid, rocky worlds. A newly identified system orbiting the star LHS 1903 does not follow that script. The innermost world is rocky, followed by two gas rich planets similar to smaller versions of Neptune, a lineup that matches standard expectations. But years of additional observations brought an unexpected twist. "We've seen this pattern: rocky inside, gaseous outside, across hundreds of planetary systems. They considered whether a massive impact might have stripped away the planet's atmosphere. They also examined whether the planets could have shifted positions over time. Detailed computer simulations and studies of the planets' orbits ruled out both scenarios. Instead, the findings point to a more unexpected idea. The planets in this system may not have formed simultaneously. Rather, they could have developed one after another as conditions around the star changed. In this environment, clumps of material form several planetary embryos at roughly the same time. It challenges the assumptions built into our current models," says Cloutier, who adds that the discovery raises broader questions about whether LHS 1903 is an anomaly or an early example of a pattern scientists have yet to recognize. "As telescopes and detection methods become more precise, we are strengthening our ability to find planetary systems that don't resemble our own and that don't conform to longstanding theories," he says. "Each new system adds another data point to a growing picture of planetary diversity -- one that forces scientists to rethink the processes that shape worlds across the galaxy." Note: Content may be edited for style and length. AI-Designed Obesity Drug Delivers Over 31% Weight Loss in Preclinical Tests Molecule Discovered To Fuel Skin Cancer and Outsmart the Immune System Stay informed with ScienceDaily's free email newsletter, updated daily and weekly. Or view our many newsfeeds in your RSS reader: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments.

By combining fresh telescope data with more than a decade of archived observations, scientists were able to test and refine long standing theories about how the most massive stars end their lives. Rather than exploding outward in a brilliant supernova, this star's core gave way under gravity and formed a black hole. In the process, its unstable outer layers were gradually pushed outward. The findings, published February 12 in Science, are drawing attention because they offer a rare look at the birth of a black hole. The results may help explain why some massive stars explode dramatically at the end of their lives, while others collapse quietly. Light from dusty debris surrounding the newborn black hole, he says, "is going to be visible for decades at the sensitivity level of telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, because it's going to continue to fade very slowly. And this may end up being a benchmark for understanding how stellar black holes form in the universe." By 2022 and 2023, the star had nearly vanished in visible and near-infrared wavelengths, fading to just one ten-thousandth of its former brightness in those bands. What remains can now only be detected in mid-infrared light, where it glows at roughly one-tenth of its original intensity. De says, "This star used to be one of the most luminous stars in the Andromeda Galaxy, and now it was nowhere to be seen. Stars shine because nuclear fusion in their cores converts hydrogen into helium, creating outward pressure that counteracts gravity. In stars at least 10 times more massive than our sun, this balance eventually breaks down when nuclear fuel runs low. But if that shock wave is too weak to eject the surrounding material, much of the star can fall back inward. Theoretical models have long suggested that this fallback can turn the neutron star into a black hole. "We've known for almost 50 years now that black holes exist," says De, "yet we are barely scratching the surface of understanding which stars turn into black holes and how they do it." Convection arises from large temperature differences inside a star. This contrast drives gas to circulate between hotter and cooler regions. At lower temperatures, atoms and molecules combine to form dust. That dust blocks light from the hotter gas closer to the black hole, absorbs energy, and reemits it in infrared wavelengths. Co-author and Flatiron Research Fellow Andrea Antoni developed the theoretical framework behind these convection models. This convective material has angular momentum, so it circularizes around the black hole. And because of all this, it becomes a brighter source than it would be otherwise, and we observe a long delay in the dimming of the original star." Much like water spiraling down a drain rather than dropping straight through, gas continues orbiting the newly formed black hole as gravity gradually pulls it inward. This delayed infall means the entire star does not collapse all at once. Even after the core quickly gives way, some material falls back slowly over many decades. Building a Bigger Picture of Black Hole Formation The new study provides strong evidence that both stars followed a similar path. What first seemed like an unusual case now appears to be part of a broader category of failed supernovae that quietly produce black holes. M31-2014-DS1 initially stood out as an "oddball," De says, but it now seems to be one of several examples, including NGC 6946-BH1. "It's only with these individual jewels of discovery that we start putting together a picture like this," De says. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. AI-Designed Obesity Drug Delivers Over 31% Weight Loss in Preclinical Tests Molecule Discovered To Fuel Skin Cancer and Outsmart the Immune System Stay informed with ScienceDaily's free email newsletter, updated daily and weekly. Or view our many newsfeeds in your RSS reader: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments.

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Nature Communications , Article number: (2026) Cite this article We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply. Inverse design enables automating the discovery and optimization of devices achieving performance significantly exceeding that of traditional human-engineered designs. However, existing methodologies to inverse-design electromagnetic devices require computationally expensive and time-consuming full-wave electromagnetic simulation at each iteration or generation of large datasets for training neural-network surrogate models. This work introduces the Precomputed Numerical Green Function method, an approach for ultrafast electromagnetic inverse design. The static components of the design are incorporated into a numerical Green function obtained from a single fully-parallelized precomputation step, reducing the cost of evaluating candidate designs during optimization to only being proportional to the size of the region under modification. A low-rank matrix update technique is introduced that further decreases the cost of the method to milliseconds per iteration without any approximations or compromises in accuracy. This method is shown to have linear time complexity, reducing the total runtime for an inverse design by several orders of magnitude compared to using conventional electromagnetics solvers. The design examples considered demonstrate speedups of up to 16,000x, shortening the design process from multiple days to weeks down to minutes. The approach enables practical and ultrafast design of complex structures that are prohibitively time-consuming for prior inverse design methods. Source data are provided with this paper. The source code for the PNGF method is publicly available at: https://github.com/ACME-Lab-Stanford/PNGF67. Johnson, J. M. & Rahmat-Samii, V. Genetic algorithms in engineering electromagnetics. IEEE Antennas Propag. Altshuler, E. E. & Linden, D. S. Wire-antenna designs using genetic algorithms. IEEE Antennas Propag. Robinson, J. & Rahmat-Samii, Y. Particle swarm optimization in electromagnetics. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. Stadler, S. & Igel, J. Developing realistic FDTD GPR antenna surrogates by means of particle swarm optimization. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. Jin, N. & Rahmat-Samii, Y. Advances in particle swarm optimization for antenna designs: real-number, binary, single-objective and multiobjective implementations. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. Lalau-Keraly, C. M., Bhargava, S., Miller, O. D. & Yablonovitch, E. Adjoint shape optimization applied to electromagnetic design. Zhu, R. et al. Phase-to-pattern inverse design paradigm for fast realization of functional metasurfaces via transfer learning. Naseri, P. & Hum, S. V. A generative machine learning-based approach for inverse design of multilayer metasurfaces. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. Hou, J. et al. Customized inverse design of metamaterial absorber based on target-driven deep learning method. Mohammadi Estakhri, N., Edwards, B. & Engheta, N. Inverse-designed metastructures that solve equations. Karahan, E. A. et al. 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Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Jui-Hung Sun, Mohamed Elsawaf, Yifei Zheng, Ho-Chun Lin & Chia Wei Hsu Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Constantine Sideris Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar conceived the idea and supervised the work. performed numerical simulations. carried out the inverse design of the example studies. measured the fabricated devices. implemented augmented partial factorization for precomputations. participated in the writing of this manuscript. Correspondence to Constantine Sideris. The authors declare no competing interests. Nature Communications thanks Geun Ho Ahn and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available. Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. 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You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply. We aimed to evaluate its association with androgen receptor (AR) among 196 patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC). Central determination of AR showed significant enrichment in HER2-low compared with HER2-0 mTNBC (mean: 33.7% vs. 21.4%, p = 0.038), whereas no significant immunological differences were observed. HER2-low/AR-positive patients trended towards longer overall survival, highlighting the potential relevance of these biomarkers. Data can be requested from the corresponding authors for academic use, subject to approval of a research plan, a data transfer agreement and ethics committee approval. Tarantino, P. et al. HER2-Low Breast Cancer: Pathological and Clinical Landscape. Modi, S. et al. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Previously Treated HER2-Low Advanced Breast Cancer. Li, Y., Tsang, J. Y., Tam, F., Loong, T. & Tse, G. M. Comprehensive characterization of HER2-low breast cancers: implications in prognosis and treatment. Jacot, W. et al. Prognostic Value of HER2-Low Expression in Non-Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Correlation with Other Biomarkers. & Hughes-Davies, L. A Functionally Significant Cross-talk between Androgen Receptor and ErbB2 Pathways in Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer. Kumar, U., Ardasheva, A., Mahmud, Z., Coombes, R. C. & Yagüe, E. FOXA1 is a determinant of drug resistance in breast cancer cells. Vidula, N., Yau, C., Wolf, D. & Rugo, H. S. Androgen receptor gene expression in primary breast cancer. Tarantino, P. et al. ESMO expert consensus statements (ECS) on the definition, diagnosis, and management of HER2-low breast cancer. Peiffer, D. S. et al. Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis of ERBB2-Low Breast Cancer Among Patients in the National Cancer Database. Tarantino, P. et al. Prognostic and Biologic Significance of ERBB2-Low Expression in Early-Stage Breast Cancer. Denkert, C. et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of HER2-low-positive breast cancer: pooled analysis of individual patient data from four prospective, neoadjuvant clinical trials. Goel, S. et al. A Phase II Study of Abemaciclib for Patients with Retinoblastoma-Positive, Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014. Clinical and molecular characteristics of HER2-low triple-negative breast cancer: insights from multi-omics analysis. Molinelli, C. et al. Prognostic value of HER2-low status in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gerratana, L. et al. Androgen receptor in triple negative breast cancer: A potential target for the targetless subtype. Phase II Trial of Bicalutamide in Patients with Androgen Receptor–Positive, Estrogen Receptor–Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer. Traina, T. A. et al. Enzalutamide for the Treatment of Androgen Receptor-Expressing Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Traina, T. A. et al. TBCRC 058: A randomized phase II study of enzalutamide, enzalutamide with mifepristone, and treatment of physician's choice in patients with androgen receptor-positive metastatic triple-negative or estrogen receptor-low breast cancer (NCT06099769). Baez-Navarro, X. et al. HER2-low and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer: Are they connected? This study was funded by the Terri Brodeur Breast Cancer Foundation, a METAvivor Early Career Investigator Award, the Elaine and Eduardo Saverin Foundation, Mehlman Family Funds, Benderson Family Funds, Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and Susan G. Komen. The authors acknowledge Kaitlyn T. Bifolck, full-time employee of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, for providing editorial assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. Present address: Loxo@Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USA These authors contributed equally: Paolo Tarantino, Jaeyoon Cha. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Paolo Tarantino, Bojana Jovanović, Melissa Hughes, Molly DiLullo, Eileen Wrabel, Rinath Jeselsohn, Nancy U. Lin, Shom Goel & Sara M. Tolaney Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Brigham Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA Paolo Tarantino, Bojana Jovanović, Melissa Hughes, Rinath Jeselsohn, Nancy U. Lin, Jamie Carter, Yisang Serenity Chen, Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Stuart J. Schnitt, Shom Goel & Sara M. Tolaney Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Paolo Tarantino, Jaeyoon Cha, Bojana Jovanović, Andrew Zhou, Rinath Jeselsohn, Nancy U. Lin, Nabihah Tayob, Elizabeth A. Mittendorf & Sara M. Tolaney Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Xiangying Chu, Douglas Russo, Tianyu Li & Nabihah Tayob Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Genentech/Roche, Novartis, Menarini/Stemline, and Eli Lilly. NUL reports institutional research support from Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, Seattle Genetics, Zion Pharmaceuticals, Olema Pharmaceuticals, and AstraZeneca; consulting honoraria from Seattle Genetics, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Stemline/Menarini, Artera Inc., Eisai, and Shorla Oncology; royalties from Up to date (book); and travel support from Olema Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, and Daiichi Sankyo. SMT reports consulting or advisory roles for Novartis, Pfizer/SeaGen, Merck, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche, Eisai, Bristol Myers Squibb/Systimmune, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Blueprint Medicines, Reveal Genomics, Sumitovant Biopharma, Artios Pharma, Menarini/Stemline, Aadi Bio, Bayer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Natera, Tango Therapeutics, eFFECTOR, Hengrui USA, Cullinan Oncology, Circle Pharma, Arvinas, BioNTech, Johnson&Johnson/Ambrx, Launch Therapeutics, Zuellig Pharma, Bicycle Therapeutics, BeiGene Therapeutics, Mersana, Summit Therapeutics, Avenzo Therapeutics, Aktis Oncology, Celcuity, Boehringer Ingelheim, Samsung Bioepis, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Tempus, and Boundless Bio; institutional research funding from Genentech/Roche, Merck, Exelixis, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Gilead, NanoString Technologies, Seattle Genetics, OncoPep, Daiichi Sankyo, Menarini/Stemline, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and Olema Pharmaceuticals; and travel support from Eli Lilly, Gilead, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Arvinas, and Roche. 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If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Tarantino, P., Cha, J., Binboga Kurt, B. et al. Androgen receptor expression and immune characteristics of HER2-low metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Cancer newsletter — what matters in cancer research, free to your inbox weekly.